Track 1: Computer Aided Drug Design
Computational maneuvers are convenient tools to interpret and guide tries to inhibit the antibiotic drug design progression. Structure founded drug design (SBDD) and ligand based drug design (LBDD) are the two wide-ranging types of computer-aided drug design (CADD) approaches in existenceThe CADD tactic has frolicked a vigorous protagonist in the search and optimization of probable lead compounds with a substantial gain in time and cost. It has been smeared in the course of various stages in drug sighting: target identification, validation, molecular design, and interactions of drug candidates with targets of concern . QSAR molding enables indulgent of the sway of structural factors on biological activity, using the models and the understanding to construct compounds with enriched and optimal biological profiles. Computer-aided drug enterprise includes computational chemistry, molecular modeling.
Track 2 : Bio Informatics:
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary meadow that evolves approaches and software trappings for understanding biological data. interdisciplinary turf of science, bioinformatics syndicates computer science, statistics, mathematics, and engineering to analyze and interpret biological data Bioinformatics includes biological studies that use computer programming as part of their policy, as thriving as a specific exploration "pipelines" that are repeatedly used, particularly in the field of genomics. bioinformatics, a amalgam science that links biological data with modus operandi for information storage, distribution, and analysis to support multiple areas of scientific research, including biomedicine.
Track 3: Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery:
Artificial intelligence (AI), and the subfield of machine learning (ML), study the processes and practicalities of enabling machines to skilfully perform intelligent tasks, without explicitly being programmed for those taskAI systems have neared or surpassed human performance in several tasks, such as game playing and image recognition , but these have typically been quite narrow and focused domains. Even so, AI in its various forms is today efficaciously pragmatic across a large range of domains and for challenging tasks, ranging from robotics, speech translation, image analysis and logistics to its ongoing use in designing molecules. AI and ML methods to dares in drug discovery endure the same as they ever were bringing the best drugs to the clinic to satisfy unmet medical need. For drug unearthing and medicinal chemistry vaguely, this embroils tasks in identifying drug targets, identifying lead compounds, optimizing their designs against multiple property profiles of interest and identifying synthetic routes to realize the composition of matter.
Molecular design:
De novo molecular design can combine optimization parameters such as predictive models and molecular similarity, with molecule generation and search to simulate design–make–test cyclesThese in silico design loops then withdraw a list of runner solutions that pinpoint chemical structures that are predicted to beoptimal for the profile amorphous.
Predictive sculpting: atomistic theory, chemists have striven to predict the chattels of compounds without requiring to synthesize these compounds. Alexander Crum Auburn stated in 1869, that physiological rejoinder of a compound is merely a function of its chemical constitution, however defining that function remains challenging. QSARs and its kindred were first wished-for by Hansch and Fujita in 1962, and since this time they have remained an active area of research. The work on QSAR has steered to advances into the monotonous of particular physicochemical property predictions, notably exemplified by Clog, for shrewd the octanol/water partition coefficient.
Track 4: Instrumentation Method Of Analysis:
Analytical instrumentation dramas an imperative role in the production and appraisal of new products and in the fortification of patrons and environment. It is rummage-sale in checking the quality of raw materials such as substances used in integrated circuit chips, detection and estimation of impurities to assure safe foods, drugs, water and air, process optimization and rheostat, inferiority check of finished products and research and development. Most of the contemporary instruments are microprocessor/computer controlled with user friendly software for collection of data, analysis and presentation. This chapter compacts with the diverse types of reasoned instrumental methods that find use in a variety of industries. These include molecular spectroscopic approaches, thermal methods of analysis, X-ray diffraction, perusing electron microscope and sensors.
SPECTROSCOPY:
It is the study of collaboration of electromagnetic contamination with matter consisting of atoms and molecules. When a substance is treated with electromagnetic radiation, the energy of the incident photons may be reassigned to atoms and molecules raising their energy from ground state level to excited state. This progression is known as captivation and the resultant spectrum is known as absorption spectrum. The process of absorption can occur only when the dynamism difference between the two levels E is exactly matched by the energy of the incident photons as given by the equation E = hυ = hc/λ
UV-V The UV –Visible spectroscopy is also known as electronic absorption spectroscopy as molecules absorb radiation resulting in transitions between electronic energy levels. Absorption of radiation in the UV (wavelength range 190-400nm) and visible (wavelength 400–800nm) regions result intransitions between electronic energy .
IR SPECTROSCOPY:
It is the spectroscopy which deals with the infrared region(700nm to 1000μm) of the electromagnetic spectrum with a longer wave length and lower frequency than visible light.(i) Near IR – 12500 to 4000 cm-1(ii) IR – 4000 to 670 cm-1(iii) Far IR – 670 to 50 cm-1
Track 5: Drug Target kinetics In Drug Discovery:
The expansion of rehabilitations for the treatment of nerve cancer façades a number of major challenges including the synthesis of small molecule agents that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Prearranged the odds that in many cases drug acquaintance will be subordinate in the CNS than in systemic circulation, it follows that schemes should be employed that can sustain target engagement at low drug concentration. Time hooked on target tenancy is a function of both the drug and target concentration as well as the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters that describe the binding reaction
Kinetic Selectivity:
The virtual compound for the target and for any notorious off-target proteins is commonly used as a metric for compound selectivity and the potential of the molecule for causing unwanted side-effects.
Target Vulnerability:
The rendition of target tenure to drug pharmacodynamics hinge on on the liaison between occupancy and effect, which in turn depends on target vulnerability, that is, what fraction of target has to be affianced to provoke the desired response.
Track 6: Nutraceutical Drug Discovery And Therapy:
Nutraceuticals are the pharmaceutically amalgamated yields that retain both nutritional as well as the therapeutic value. Such a article is naïve to improve the physical health, fight against day-to-day challenges such as stress, increase longevity, etc. Nowadays, prominence is given to those herbs which are used as food and medicine due to its greater acceptance herbs with a wide variety of therapeutic values such as immunity booster, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, and gastroprotective. These herbs might be superior options to articulate as nutraceuticals. Abundant nutraceuticals are termed based on their availability as food, chemical nature, and mechanism of action.
Nutraceuticals Based on Food Availability:
Traditional Nutraceuticals : These classes are usually tracked directly from nature, deprived of any changes in the natural form. Various voters such as lycopene in tomatoes, omega-3 fatty acids in salmon, or saponins in soy are obtainable and obsessive for different health benefits
Nontraditional Nutraceuticals: They are foods augmented with increments or biotechnologically designed crops to boost the nutrients; for example, rice and broccoli are rich in β-carotene and vitamins, respectively. Food samples encompass bioactive apparatuses which are engineered to produce products for human wellness.
Track 7: Combinatorial Chemistry:
Combinatorial chemistry encompasses chemical unreal methods that make it conceivable to prepare a hefty number (tens to thousands or even millions) of amalgams in a single process. These multifaceted libraries can be made as mixtures, sets of individual compounds or chemical structures generated by computer software. Combinatorial chemistry can be rummage-sale for the synthesis of small smidgens and for peptides. Synthesis of smidgens now a combinatorial mode can quickly clue to large numbers of molecules. For example, a splinter with three sockets of diversity (R1, R2, a generate {\displaystyle N_{R_{1}}\times N_{R_{2}}\times N_{R_{3}}} possible structures, where {\displaystyle N_{R_{1}}} {\displaystyle N_{R_{2}}}and {\displaystyle N_{R_{3}}} are the numbers of different substituents utilized In a combinatorial synthesis, when using solitary single preparatory material, it is conceivable to synthesize a large library of smidgens using identical reaction circumstances that can then be screened for their biological activity. The rudimentary principle of combinatorial chemistry is to prepare libraries of a very large number of compounds then identify the useful components of the libraries.
Combinatorial split-mix (split and pool) synthesis:
Combinatorial split-mix (split and pool) amalgamation created on the solid-phase synthesis developed by Merrifield. If a combinatorial peptide library is synthesized using 20 amino acids (or other manners of building hunks) the bead form solid provision is divided into 20 equal portions. This is shadowed by permutation a different amino acid to each quota. The third stride is the fraternization of all portions. These three steps comprise a cycle. Elongation of the peptide hawsers can be realized by simply reciting the steps of the cycle.
Track 8: Pharmaceutical Technology:
The Pharmaceutical Technology Segment is fervent to the portrayal of tools aiding the modulation of interactions between drugs or drug candidates and their specific targets. It trepidations all technologies and methods related to the development of a pharmaceutical form using natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic active and auxiliary substances, production in industry, and use in patients.
Drug chemistry: Medicinal Chemistry is the scholarship that dealings with the encounter or design of new therapeutic chemicals and their development into useful medicines. It may implicate amalgamation of new compounds, investigations of their relationships between the structure of natural or synthetic compounds.
Process technology
Innovative instrumentation:The Instrumentation Programmatic Expanse supports the enterprise of novel and innovative instrumentation and associated methods that address a clearly defined gap in biologists’ ability to capture observations of biological singularities and that have the prospective to be broadly applicable in biology.
Drug manufacturing: Drug Built-up is delineated as the route of industrial-scale mishmash of pharmaceutical drugs by pharmaceutical companies. Drug industrialized amenity area are pigeonholed by a core pledge to meeting the client’s objectives with the highest quality while maintaining the most efficient use of time and controlling costs.
Drug analysis: Drug analysis embraces tests on raw materials (purity criteria), pharmaceutical or veterinary formulations, and a number of other, more complex matrices such as foods of animal origin, drinks, and fares that are piloted for clinical, forensic, or veterinary purposes involving a variety of matrices including blood, urine, and tissues.
Drug production:
Drug delivery
Management and analysis of data
Test and quality control
Regulatory affairs: Regulatory affairs also has a precise specific connotation within the healthcare industries pharmaceuticals, medical devices, biologics and functional foods.
Track 9: Novel Drug Delivery System:
The chaos by which a drug is fetched can have a noteworthy effect on its efficacy. Some drugs obligate an crucial concentration range within which halfhearted benefit is derived, and deliberations above or below this range can be venomous or produce no salutary benefit at all. On the auxiliary hand, the very slow progress in the efficacy of the treatment of severe diseases, has suggested a growing need for a multidisciplinary approach to the delivery of therapeutics to targets in tissues. pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, non-specific toxicity, immunogenicity, bio recognition, and ability of drugs were spawned. These new tactics, often called drug delivery systems (DDS)
MICELLES: Micelle twisted by self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers (5-50 nm) in aqueous solutions are of prodigious interest for drug conveyance bids. The drugs can be physically lured in the core of block copolymer micelles and transported at concentrations that can exceed their inherent water- solubility.
LIPOSOMES: Liposomes are a custom of vesicles that consist either of many, few or just one phospholipid bilayers. The glacial peculiarity of the liposomal core enables polar drug molecules to be encapsulated. Amphiphilic and lipophilic molecules are solubilized within the phospholipid bilayer rendering to their empathy towards the phospholipids.
DENDRIMERS: Dendrimers are nanometer-sized, exceedingly branched and monodisperse macromolecules with even architecture. They consist of a central core, branching entities and terminal functional groups.
LIQUID CRYSTALS: Liquid Crystals cartel the properties of both liquid and solid states. They can be made to form altered geometries, with marginal polar and non-polar layers
NANOPARTICLES: Nanoparticles are advantageous to nano spheres and nano capsules of size 10-200 nm are in the solid state and are moreover nebulous or crystalline.
HYDROGELS: Hydrogels are accurate, hydrophilic, polymeric grids capable of gulping large aggregates of water or biological fluids.
Track 10: Drug Safety:
Drug Efficacy: is the aptitude to harvest an effect e g, inferior blood pressure. Efficacy can be gauged accurately only in ideal conditions ie, when patients are selected by proper criteria and strictly adhere to the dosing schedule. Thus, efficacy is nonaggressive under expert command in a group of patients most likely to have a response to a drug, such as in a controlled clinical trial.
Effectiveness: vacillates from efficacy in that it grosses into account how well a drug works in real-world use Often, a drug that is efficacious in clinical trials is not very effective in actual use. For example, a drug may have high efficacy in sinking blood pressure but may have low effectiveness because it causes so many adverse effects that patients stop taking it. Effectiveness also may be inferior than efficacy if clinicians inadvertently prescribe the drug inappropriately eg, giving a fibrinolytic drug to a patient rumored to have an ischemic stroke, but who obsessive an unrecognized cerebral hemorrhage on CT scan.Thus, effectiveness tends to be lower than efficacy.
The primary international journal sheath the self-controls of pharmacovigilance, pharmacoepidemiology, benefit-risk assessment, risk management and medication error prevention, Drug Safety advances the rational use of pharmacotherapy by publishing reviews and original research pupillages offering guidance for innocuous and effective drug utilization and prescribing.
Track 11: Nano Technology and Drug Discovery:
Nanotechnology contracts through the design, production, characterization and application of sub-micron-sized particles. The esteem and effectiveness of small-sized particles can be extended to broad areas in pharmaceutical, medical, chemical and engineering applications mainly due to their unique properties. The gratitude for nanotechnology is well uttered by a great funding of US$1.28 billion to the US National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) for the fiscal year 2007.1 Also, it is appraised that the drug market for nanotechnology might be worth as much as US$200 billion by 2015 (Breen, 2006). Examples of nanoparticulate drug carters are liposomes, microemulsions, nanosuspensions and nanoparticles. Treatment that hires large size material for drug delivery benevolences problems such as poor bioviability, low solubility, a lack of targeted delivery and generalized side effects. The demonstrative of nanotechnology for drug provision make available the potential for enhanced treatments with targeted delivery and fewer side effects.
Nanotechnology Drug Delivery for Treatment of Heart Disease: Nanotechnology is also being used to advance the delivery of drug treatments for heart disease. Fraught drug delivery to diseased heart muscle can occur because inflammatory changes also produce augmented vascular permeability and retention of nanoscale molecules. Coronary artery disease is the enlightened plaque materialization on the major arteries that can lead to heart failure Nano medicine can be exploited as a useable treatment because the amplification of the disease occurs at the cellular level.
Track 12: Drug Design:
Drug design, habitually stated to as rational drug design or simply rational design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target. The drug is utmost commonly an organic trivial molecule that activates or inhibits the function of a biomolecule such as a protein, which in turn results in a therapeutic benefit to the patient. In the most fundamental sense, drug design encompasses the design of molecules that are complementary in shape and charge to the biomolecular target with which they interact and therefore will bind to it. Drug design seldom but not inevitably relies on computer modeling techniques. This type of sculpting is sometimes bring up to as computer-aided drug design. Finally, drug design that relies on the acquaintance of the three-dimensional erection of the biomolecular target is known as structure-based drug design.
Drug targets: A bio molecular bull most frequently a protein or a nucleic acid is a key molecule involved in a particular metabolic or signaling pathway that is associated with a specific disease ailment or pathology or to the infectivity or survival of a microbial pathogens.
Rational drug discovery: In distinction to traditional methods of drug discovery known as forward pharmacology. Which depend on on trial-and-error testing of chemical substances on cultured cells or animals, and matching the apparent effects to treatments, rational drug design also called reverse pharmacology.
Track 13: Drug Delivery Target Identification and Validation:
Target endorsement is the leading step in discerning a new drug and can stereotypically take 2-6 months. The process embroils the tender of a range of techniques that aim to demonstrate that drug effects on the target can provide a therapeutic benefit with an acceptable safety window. Premature in-depth target endorsement increases indulgent between target manipulation and disease efficacy, leading to increased likelihood of success in the clinic. Once a bull has reached an adequate level of validation and disease linkage, the project moves into the hit identification phase.
Functional analysis: Value-adding in vitro assays to extent the biological activity of the target, characterize pharmacology and assess the effects of modulating function.Use of ‘tool’ molecules to demonstrate desired in vitro biological effect.
Expression profile: mRNA and protein dissemination pattern to govern target expression and function in both healthy and disease states. Correlation of expression with disease progression or exacerbation using disease-relevant cells/tissue.
Cell-based models: 3-dimensional (3D) cultures and co-culture models, human stem cells , comprising access to disease cells.
Biomarkers: Biomarker identification and validation using multiple techniques to include transcriptomics (qPCR platforms), protein analyte detection (Luminex) and flow cytometers.
Track 14: Preformulation Studies:
Preformulation is to afford and fathom information concerning: the humiliation process, any adverse conditions relevant to the drug , bioavailability ,pharmacokinetics and formulation of similar compounds toxicity. Preformulation influences a) selection of the drug candidate itself b) assortment of formulation components c) API d) drug product manufacturing progressions development of methodical methods The overall objective of preformulation studies is to generate information useful in developing stable and Bioavailable dosage forms.
Solubility Determination : The solubility of drug is an imperative physicochemical chattels because it effects the bioavailability of the drug, the rate of drug release into dissolution medium and subsequently, the beneficial efficiency of the pharmaceutical product.
Intrinsic Solubility (Co): An intensification in solubility in acid associated to aqueous solubility advocates a weak base and an increase in alkali, a weak Part of Solvents Descriptive Terms Required for 1 Part of Solute Very Soluble Less than 1 Freely soluble From 1 to 10 Decipherable From 10 to 30 Sparingly Soluble From 32 to 100 Slightly Soluble From 100 to 1000 Exhaustive slightly From 1000 to Doable 10000 Insoluble From 10000 to over acid.
pKa Determination: Fortitude of the dissociation content for a drug proficient of ionization within a pH range of 1 to 10 is important since solubility and consequently absorption.
Partition Coefficient: It is defined as the ratio of unionized drug scattered between the organic and aqueous segments at equipoise.
Track 15: Bio Availability and Bio Equivalence:
Bioavailability is defined as: the fraction (percentage) of an directed dose of unbothered medicine that reaches the blood stream (systemic circulation). ‘active pharmaceutical ingredient’ (API), to be able to enter the body. However, to obligate a tonic effect, it is not abundant for the active substance to enter the body. The active substance prerequisites to be vacant in the correct dose at the unambiguous site in the body where it has to work. This specific site is referred to as the ‘target site’. Also, the vigorous affluence needs to reach the target site within a certain time, and be available there for a defined time.
Track16: Scheduels A To Z:
Schedule A: Contains innumerable forms and formats of letters for applications of licensing etc.
Schedule B: Contains fees edifice for government-run labs.
Schedule C: Holds various biological products and their regulation.
Examples: Serums, Adrenaline Vitamins etc.
Schedule D: List of drugs freed from the endowment of import of drugs
Schedule E: Contains various poisons and their ruling.
Examples: Sarpa Visha (Serpent venom), Parada (Mercury) etc.
Schedule F: This contains regulations and canons for running a blood bank.
Schedule F-I: This contains regulations and ethics for vaccines.
Schedule F-II: This contains procedures and standards for surgical dressing.
Schedule F-III: This contains regulations and standards for umbilical tapes.
Schedule F-F: This contains regulations and morals for ophthalmic ointments and solutions.
Schedule K: Contains various affluences and drugs and their corresponding regulation.
Schedule M: Contains various regulations for developed, premises, waste disposal and equipment.
Schedule N: Contains various conventions and requirements for a pharmacy.
Schedule O: contains various protocols and requirements for disinfectant fluids.
Schedule P: Contains regulations regarding life period and storage of various drugs.
Schedule P-I: Contains regulations regarding merchandising package size of various drugs.
Schedule Q: Contains a list of permitted dyes and tinctures in soap and cosmetics.
Schedule R: Contains various regulations and desires for condoms and other mechanical contraceptives.
Schedule S: Lists various maquillages and toiletries, and directs the manufacturers of cosmetics to conform to the latest Bureau of Indian Standards requirements.
Schedule T: Contains various regulations and requirements for manufacture of Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani products.
Schedule U: Contains various regulations and requirements for record keeping.
Schedule V: Contains standards for remedy patents.
Schedule Y: Contains prerequisite and guidelines for clinical trials.
Track 17: Nano Robots In Medicine:
Nanomedicine is a territory of medicine that utilises the acquaintance of nanotechnology to thwart and treat severe diseases such as cancer and heart diseases. Recent advances in nanotechnology obligate permitted doctors to use nan scale materials, including biocompatible nanoparticles and nanobots in medicine, to sense the actuation purposes in a living entity. Moreover, auxiliary developments in the nanomedicine arcade can create opportunities such as the development of artificial antibodies and artificial RBCs and WBCs.
The treatment of cancer using nanomedicines with the help of quantum dots: refining the quality of solar panels to treating cancer, quantum dots are widely used in various sectors. However, crafting quantum dots is an extremely expensive process which generates a huge amount of waste. However, scientists have recently developed a low-cost mode to synthesise quantum dots using some chemicals and green leaf extracts.
Melding nanoparticle-based immunotherapy and nanomedicines, and the emergence of nanobots: Taiwan’s National Chiao Tung University (NCTU) and the China Medical University have successfully developed an innovative way to cure cancer by combining nanomedicines with immunotherapy.
Nanobots: the developed era in nanomedicine: Conventional water-soluble drugs can create difficulties in treatment, such as failed absorption in the diseased areas. However, nanomedicine tenders such as diagnostic nanomachines provide the ability to display the internal chemistry of the body’s organs, providing direct access to diseased areas.
Track 18: Bio Printing Technology And Its Applications:
Bioprinting is an chemical manufacturing process where biomaterials such as cells and development factors are combined to create tissue-like structures that imitate natural tissues.The technology uses a material known as bio ink to create these edifices in a layer-by-layer style. The technique is broadly pertinent to the fields of medicine and bioengineering. Recently, the technology has even made advancements in the fabrication of cartilage tissue for use in reconstruction and regeneration.
Pre-bioprinting involves fashioning the digital model that the printer will yield. The technologies castoff are subtracted tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Bioprinting is the dependable lithography process, where bioink is placed in a printer cartridge and testimony takes place based on the digital model.
Post-bioprinting is the mechanical and chemical incentive of printed parts so as to provoke stable structures for the biological material.Abundant bioprinting approaches exist, constructed on either extrusion, inkjet, acoustic, or laser technologies. Despite the innumerable types, a emblematic bioprinting process has a more-or-less regular series of steps:
3D Imaging: To get the meticulous dimensions of the tissue, a standard CT or MRI scan is used. 3D imaging should deliver a perfect fit of the tissue with little or no amendment required on the part of the surgeon.
3D Modeling: A blueprint is spawned using AutoCAD software. The blueprint also embraces layer-by-layer instruction in high feature. Fine amendments may be made at this stage to elude the transfer of defects.
Bioink Preparation: Bioink is a amalgamation of living cells and a harmonious base, like collagen, gelatin, hyaluronan, silk, alginate or Nano cellulose. The latter affords cells with scaffolding to grow on and nutriment to survive on. The ample substance is based on the patient and is function-specific.
Printing: The 3D letterpress procedure involves depositing the bio ink layer-by-layer, where each layer has a thickness of 0.5 mm or less. The delivery of reduced or larger deposits highly depends on the number of nozzles and the kind of tissue being printed. The mixture emanates out of the nozzle as a exceedingly viscous fluid.
Solidification: As unseating takes place, the layer starts as a viscous liquid and freezes to hold its shape. This happens as more layers are continuously deposited. The progression of blending and solidification is known as crosslinking and may be aided by UV light, specific chemicals, or heat (also typically delivered via a UV light source).
Importance Of Bioprinting:
The ultimate prominence of bioprinting lies in the resulting tissue-like structures that mimic the actual micro- and macro-environment of human tissues and organs. This is critical in drug hard and clinical trials, with the potential, for example, to drastically reduce the need for animal trials. When living tissues and organs prerequisite not come creation humans, this budding technology offers other massive opportunities. One example is challenging allocating for diseases using artificially affected tissues. The progression could also eradicate the headaches associated with organ donation and transplantation. Apart from the lack of accessible organs, the entire process is carped from a moral and ethical perspective. Organ additional is the main objective, but tissue repair is also possible in the meantime. With bioink, it’s much easier to solve hitches on a patient-specific level, promoting simpler operations.
Applications of Bioprinting:
Artificial organs are one of the paramount drivers of the technology due to the high rise of vital organ failure. Availability of 3D printed organs helps to solve organ-related issues faster and quicker, which is important to patients, their families, and healthcare systems. Expansion of tissues for pharmacological testing, when 3D printed, is a more cost-effective and virtuous option. It also helps in pinpointing side effects of drugs and allows recommended drugs to be administered to humans with validated safe dosages. Cosmetic surgical treatment, particularly plastic surgery and skin grafting, also assistances from the technology. In this vague solicitation, bioprinted skin tissue could be commercialized. Some 3D printed tissues are previously being bioprinted for research on calming purposes. Bone tissue rejuvenation as wells as prosthetics and dental applications. There are innumerable further uses and applications of bioprinting, including producing foodstuffs such as meat and vegetables.
Zhengwei Xie
Constantinos Mikelis
